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Pieter Zeeman

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Pieter Zeeman
ForMemRS
Zeeman, c. 1920
Born(1865-05-25)25 May 1865
Zonnemaire, Zeeland, Netherlands
Died9 October 1943(1943-10-09) (aged 78)
Amsterdam, Netherlands
Alma materUniversity of Leiden
Known forZeeman effect
Spouse
Johanna Elisabeth Lebret
​
​
(m. 1895)​
Awards
Scientific career
FieldsPhysics
InstitutionsUniversity of Amsterdam
Doctoral advisorHeike Kamerlingh Onnes

Pieter Zeeman (/ˈzeɪmən/ ZAY-mən; Dutch: [ˈpitər ˈzeːmɑn]; 25 May 1865 – 9 October 1943) was a Dutch physicist who shared the 1902 Nobel Prize in Physics with Hendrik Lorentz for his discovery of the Zeeman effect.[2][3][4][5][6][7]

Childhood and youth

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Pieter Zeeman was born in Zonnemaire, a small town on the island of Schouwen-Duiveland, the Netherlands, the son of Rev Catharinus Forandinus Zeeman, a minister of the Dutch Reformed Church, and his wife, Willemina Worst.

Pieter became interested in physics at an early age. In 1883, the aurora borealis happened to be visible in the Netherlands. Zeeman, then a student at the high school in Zierikzee, made a drawing and description of the phenomenon and submitted it to Nature, where it was published. The editor praised "the careful observations of Professor Zeeman from his observatory in Zonnemaire".

After finishing high school in 1883, Zeeman went to Delft for supplementary education in classical languages, then a requirement for admission to University. He stayed at the home of Dr J.W. Lely, co-principal of the gymnasium and brother of Cornelis Lely, who was responsible for the concept and realization of the Zuiderzee Works. While in Delft, he first met Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, who was to become his thesis adviser.

Education and early career

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Portrait of Pieter Zeeman by Jan Veth, 1925.

After Zeeman passed the qualification exams in 1885, he studied physics at the University of Leiden under Kamerlingh Onnes and Hendrik Lorentz. In 1890, even before finishing his thesis, he became Lorentz's assistant. This allowed him to participate in a research programme on the Kerr effect. In 1893 he submitted his doctoral thesis on the Kerr effect,[8] the reflection of polarized light on a magnetized surface. After obtaining his doctorate he went for half a year to Friedrich Kohlrausch's institute in Strasbourg. In 1895, after returning from Strasbourg, Zeeman became Privatdozent in mathematics and physics in Leiden. The same year he married Johanna Elisabeth Lebret (1873–1962); they had three daughters and one son.[9][10][11][12]

A photo Zeeman took of the Zeeman effect.[13]

In 1896, shortly before moving from Leiden to Amsterdam,[14] he measured the splitting of spectral lines by a strong magnetic field, a discovery now known as the Zeeman effect, for which he won the 1902 Nobel Prize in Physics. This research involved an investigation of the effect of magnetic fields on a light source. He discovered that a spectral line is split into several components in the presence of a magnetic field. Lorentz first heard about Zeeman's observations on Saturday 31 October 1896 at the meeting of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in Amsterdam, where these results were communicated by Kamerlingh Onnes.[15] The next Monday, Lorentz called Zeeman into his office and presented him with an explanation of his observations, based on Lorentz's theory of electromagnetic radiation.

The importance of Zeeman's discovery soon became apparent. It confirmed Lorentz's prediction about the polarization of light emitted in the presence of a magnetic field. Thanks to Zeeman's work it became clear that the oscillating particles that according to Lorentz were the source of light emission were negatively charged, and were a thousandfold lighter than the hydrogen atom. This conclusion was reached well before J. J. Thomson's discovery of the electron. The Zeeman effect thus became an important tool for elucidating the structure of the atom.

Professor in Amsterdam

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Albert Einstein visiting Pieter Zeeman in Amsterdam, accompanied by Paul Ehrenfest (circa 1920).
1929 Autochrome by Georges Chevalier

Shortly after his discovery, Zeeman was offered a position as lecturer in Amsterdam, where he started to work in the autumn of 1896.[14] In 1900, this was followed by his promotion to professor of physics at the University of Amsterdam. In 1902, together with his former mentor Lorentz, he received the Nobel Prize for Physics for the discovery of the Zeeman effect. Five years later, in 1908, he succeeded Van der Waals as full professor and Director of the Physics Institute in Amsterdam.

In 1918 he published "Some experiments on gravitation: The ratio of mass to weight for crystals and radioactive substances" in the Proceedings of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, experimentally confirming the equivalence principle with regard to gravitational and inertial mass.

A new laboratory built in Amsterdam in 1923 was renamed the Zeeman Laboratory in 1940. This new facility allowed Zeeman to pursue a refined investigation of the Zeeman effect. For the remainder of his career he remained interested in research in magneto-optic effects. He also investigated the propagation of light in moving media. This subject became the focus of a renewed interest because of special relativity, and enjoyed a keen interest from Lorentz and Albert Einstein. Later in his career he became interested in mass spectrometry.

Later years

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In 1898 Zeeman was elected to membership of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences[16] in Amsterdam, and he served as its secretary from 1912 to 1920. He won the Henry Draper Medal in 1921, and several other awards and Honorary degrees. Zeeman was elected a Foreign member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1921.[2] He retired as a professor in 1935.

Zeeman died on 9 October 1943 in Amsterdam, and was buried in Haarlem.

Awards and honors

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Zeeman received the following awards for his contributions.

The crater Zeeman on the Moon is named in his honour.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b "Fellows of the Royal Society". London: Royal Society. Archived from the original on 2015-03-16.
  2. ^ a b c Rayleigh (1944). "Pieter Zeeman. 1865-1943". Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society. 4 (13): 591–595. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1944.0010. S2CID 125808317.
  3. ^ Zeeman, P. (1897). "The Effect of Magnetisation on the Nature of Light Emitted by a Substance". Nature. 55 (1424): 347. Bibcode:1897Natur..55..347Z. doi:10.1038/055347a0.
  4. ^ "The Influence of a Magnetic Field on Radiation Frequency". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. 60 (359–367): 513–514. 1896. doi:10.1098/rspl.1896.0079.
  5. ^ "The Influence of a Magnetic Field on Radiation Frequency". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. 60 (359–367): 514–515. 1896. doi:10.1098/rspl.1896.0080.
  6. ^ Zeeman, P (1914). "Fresnel's coefficient for light of different colours. (First part)". Royal Netherlands Academy of Art and Sciences, Proceedings. 17 (I): 445–451. Bibcode:1914KNAB...17..445Z. Archived from the original on 2009-05-19. Retrieved 2006-10-05.
  7. ^ Zeeman, P (1915). "Fresnel's coefficient for light of different colours. (Second part)". Royal Netherlands Academy of Art and Sciences, Proceedings. 18 (I): 398–408. Bibcode:1915KNAB...18..398Z. Archived from the original on 2009-05-19. Retrieved 2006-10-05.
  8. ^ Pieter Zeeman (1893). "Metingen over het verschijnsel van Kerr bij polaire terugkaatsing op ijzer, kobalt en nikkel, in 't bijzonder over Sissingh's magneto-optisch phaseverschil" (PDF).
  9. ^ Paul Forman, "Alfred Landé and the anomalous Zeeman Effect, 1919-1921", Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences, Vol. 2, 1970, 153-261.
  10. ^ Kox, A. J. (1997). "The discovery of the electron: II. The Zeeman effect" (PDF). European Journal of Physics. 18 (3): 139–144. Bibcode:1997EJPh...18..139K. doi:10.1088/0143-0807/18/3/003. S2CID 250826469.
  11. ^ Spencer, J. B. (1970). "On the Varieties of Nineteenth-Century Magneto-Optical Discovery". Isis. 61: 34–51. doi:10.1086/350577. S2CID 145139903.
  12. ^ "Pieter Zeeman - Biographical". Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB 2013. Retrieved 25 November 2013.
  13. ^ "Although not included in the published paper, you may be interested in a picture of Pieter Zeeman, as well as a photo he took of the effect named for him."
  14. ^ a b Dirk van Delft (2007). "Freezing physics" (PDF). p. 260.
  15. ^ See:
  16. ^ "Pieter Zeeman (1865 - 1943)". Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
  17. ^ "Henry Draper Medal". National Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 19 February 2011.
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